The Decline Of The Church - 1446 Words

Europe in the sixteenth century was dominated socially, politically and economically by the Catholic Church. As the church gained more power and wealth they began to stray from the book and its clergy became corrupt. The church began taking advantage of their follower’s faith for monetary gain. Some individuals were outraged and called for the church to reform. The most vocal person on this issue was Martin Luther. He attempted to convince the church to reorganize. When they did not, he began the Protestant Reformation. The conflict that occurred between the religions took a toll on the public who were already destitute due to economic recessions and population decline. As society tried to make sense of all the turmoil, they shifted the responsibility of it from the church onto the devil. The rise in the active hunting and persecution of witches was in direct response to the social, economical, and political turmoil during the Protestant Reformation. Leaders and clergy of the church were straying from the book. They began to focus their attention on more political and militant concerns. They were not meeting the religious needs of the people. The public was searching for salvation and religious meaning. The church attempted to accommodate the public’s need and their own need to raise funds. The church started using relics, which were bones, clothing and other material objects that belonged or related to the Saints. Along with these relics the church soldShow MoreRelatedDecline And Decline Of The Early Church Attendance2524 Words   |  11 PagesThe problem under examination is the decline in church attendance in America, and the impact of that decline on our society. The purpose of the research was to ascertain the factors that contribute to the decline in church attendance. The research methodology that was used was the qualitative method. 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Centuries prior the Catholic Church gained a surplus of control, largely due to the stability it maintained during the chaotic breakdo wn of the Western Roman Empire . Yet toward the end of the Middle Ages the Church set in motion factors that would ultimately lead to its downfall as the definitive figure of authority. However, despite political and social controversy surrounding the church, the institutions it established cleared a path for a new way of thinkingRead MoreReligious Differences760 Words   |  4 PagesWhile researching the proportional decline of Protestant denominations in contemporary America, â€Å"Pew Research Center’s 2014 Religious Landscape Study finds that 14.7% of U.S. adults are affiliated with the mainline Protestant tradition – a sharp decline from 18.1% when our last Religious Landscape Study was conducted in 2007. Mainline Protestants have declined at a faster rate than any other major Christian group, including Catholics and evangelical Protestants, and as a result also are shrinkingRead MoreNashville : B H1417 Words   |  6 PagesStetzer, Ed, and Mike Dodson. Comeb ack Churches. Nashville: BH, 2007 Introduction According to research done over the years, most churches, once formed, hit the ground running only to decline after a period of time. there are many reason as to why this happens. This is one of the concerns for the â€Å"Comeback Churches† by Ed Stetzer and mike Dodson. Typically, many of the churches start very strong. They go ahead and have good periods of growth but later find themselves declining and finally losingRead MoreThe Baptist Of Pontotoc, Mississippi1317 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction First Baptist of Pontotoc, Mississippi, is a hundred and forty-six year old church that is full of history. This paper will provide a brief background of the church history. Over the last four years, three immoral staff members of First Baptist Church of Pontotoc have been contributing factors to the church s decline. The majority of the staff at First Baptist Church Pontotoc has served faithfully for a number of years. The pastor, Ken Hester, has served in his role for over fourteenRead MoreAre Religious Beliefs and Practices Changing to Reflect a New Era of Diversity and Choice?1734 Words   |  7 Pagesexplains this by giving the example of that people no longer go to church because they feel they have to or because it is respectable to do so. She says that although churchgoing has declined it is simply because attendance is now a matter of personal choice rather than the obligation it use to be. As a result there is believing without belonging, where by people hold religious beliefs but don’t go to church. Therefore the decline of traditional religion is matched by the growth of the new form ofRead MoreThe Late Middle Ages : The Age Of Discovery And Innovation1224 Words   |  5 Pagesperiods of decline and periods of transition into the Renaissance. Therefore, if only viewed through some aspects, the overall quality of the Late Middle Ages can be interpreted in vastly different ways. When all events are taken into account, it is evident that even though there were periods of extreme decline and cultural deficiency, numerous events helped transition Europe into an age of discovery and innovation. The Late Middle Ages are sometimes considered â€Å"the Dark Ages† due to the decline in literaryRead MoreThe Rise Of Mass Attendance1611 Words   |  7 Pagesthe concept of pluralism. Even though the Catholic Church provides a welcoming feeling to all new and existing members, the decline of mass attendance will further result in a decrease of catholic followers. Secularism and pluralism are major factors in the change of attendance, which will be further discussed. Margaret and Leo Laarhoven are members from Our Lady of Sorrows Catholic Church in Kyogle, NSW. Their commitment towards the Catholic Church is unquestionable, as they attend mass at least three

The Use of Light in Bill Henson and Caravaggios Work Essay

Through the use of light, artists continue to receive a strong emotional response from the audience. This is an essential element of an audience’s perception of a work – it may determine whether the artwork is perceived as happy or depressing, or even provides the difference between whether the work is friendly and welcoming, or shocking and confronting. Artists have used light for a long time to stimulate the emotions of the viewer. Two artists that have used this technique are Bill Henson and Michelangelo Merisi da Caravaggio, or more simply known as just Caravaggio. Bill Henson is a contemporary Australian photographer, born in 1955, while Caravaggio was an Italian painter (1571 – 1610). When Henson’s photographs are viewed through the†¦show more content†¦This is why his art was so successful in reaching his audience and connecting him with the art world. This is a similar concept in Henson’s work. Most of his subjects are human figures, assisting him in the representation of his ideas in a confronting, direct, and sometimes controversial way. The way that Henson achieves the same effect of chiaroscuro in his photographs as Caravaggio does in his paintings, is through his underexposure and adjustment in printing. Henson’s work is powerful, creating an illusion of both a painting and a film through a combination of different techniques that make his work unique. The most prominent feature and device of Henson’s work is his use of light. The majority of his work features dark tones and colours, sometimes slightly tinted with yellow, red or blue. The brighter portions of Henson’s photographs and his use of light is tactically well controlled to uncover only crucial details. In some of his photographs, Henson juxtaposes the colourful yet mysterious, distant city lights through the use of bokkeh, with the underexposed, graphic images of the subject in the foreground. Some examples of this in his work include several images from the Untitled 2000/01 series, such as the girl sitting, the girl that is lying down, yet at the same time positioned so to look as if she is in flight, and another image of a girl lying on her stomach,

Business Law Between Sam and Josie †Free Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the Contract Between Sam and Josie. Answer: The Issues Is a contract established between Sam and Josie? If a contract exists between Sam and Josie, then, whether Josie has violated the contract with Sam. What are the remedies can Sam availed against Josie? The Relevant Law The five basic ingredients which are required to make a valid contract are offer, acceptance, consideration, legal intention and capacity of the parties. An offer is made by the offeror which is communicated to an offeree. An offer is the expression of the wish of the offeror which he desire to be performed by an offeree and is held in Smith v Hughes[1]. An offer can be by words or conduct but should come in the knowledge of the offeree to make it binding in nature. When the offer is received by the offeree and when the same offer is accepted by the offeree without bringing any variation to the terms of the offer then it is an acceptance and is held in Crown v Clarke[2]. An acceptance can be made through words or gestures but must receive within the knowledge of the offer to make it binding in nature and is held in Empirnall Holdings Pty Ltd v Machon Paull Partners Pty Ltd[3]. When the acceptance is made through post then it is deem to be complete when put in transit. But, in other forms of communication, that is, telephone, email, it must receive within the knowledge of the offeror to make it binding, in cases of answering machine, if the message is left on the machine which can be accessed by the offeror then it is complete when the message comes in the message box of the machine within the normal working hours of the offeror[4]. When the acceptance is not communicated but changes are made to the terms of the offer, then, it is counter offer which has the capacity to cancel the offer and is held in Hyde v Wrench[5]. The counter offer is the new offer and which must be accepted without any changes to make a valid agreement in law. Once an offer is validly made then the offeror if intends to cancel the same then it must be reached within the knowledge of the offeree before the acceptance is made. If revocation is made through answering machine, then, the revocation is communicated when the same is dropped at the message box of the machine and is accessible by the offeree within the normal working hours and is held in and is held in Brinkibon v Stahag und Stahlwarenhandelsgesellschaft mbH[6].[7] When an offer is made with a particular time to accept the same then the offeror can revoke such offer any time provided there is no consideration which is attach to the same. Now, an invitation to receive offer is an invitation to treat where a person desires to receive offers from the offeror. He advertises his intention or auction or tender or display the goods which depict the intention of the inviter to receive offers. The offeror then makes an offer to the inviter who then accepts the offer so made to him resulting in formation of an agreement and is held in Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain v Boots[8]. An offer and acceptance together results in the formation of an agreement. When an agreement is also supported with consideration, capacity of the parties and the legal intention of the parties, then, a contract is established in nature and is held in Coulls v Bagots Executor Trustee Co Ltd[9]. When a contract is made then the parties must comply its terms. The terms of the contract can be condition or warranties. Condition is the core terms of the contract without which a contract cannot be [performed. If such terms are violated then the plaintiff can cancel the contract and sue for damages and is held in Poussard v Spiersand Pond [10] Warranties are secondary to conditions and die snot hamper the main core area of the contract. If warranties are violated then only damages can be asked for and the contract cannot be violated and is held in Bettini v Gye[11]. The Law Applied to the facts Issue I A painting is made by Josie and she intend to sell the same at a cost of $ 900. In order to do so she displayed the same at her house studio. Considering thelaw applied in Fisher v Bell[12], any article or good which is displayed comes within the category of invitation to treat and any visitor who wishes to purchase such article has an obligation to offer a price to the displayer of the good. Applying thelaw to the facts of the case, Josie is the displayer of her painting and is an offeree//inviter. Sam is the interested party and he must make an offer to Josie. Now, as per the facts, Sam on 19th February (Sunday) makes an offer to buy the painting at $ 700. Since the invitation is of $ 900 but the same is not within the range of Sam so an offer is made by Sam at a lower price of $ 700. So, a valid offer is made by Sam to Josie which is of $700. The offer of Sam is not approved by Josie. A counter offer is made by Josie and she submits that she can accept a price which is not less than $ 800. This offer is communicated by Josie to Sam through a written document wherein she submits that an offer is made at $ 800 and which must be accepted by Sam by 21st February (Tuesday). Howler, since this offer is not supported by any consideration on the part of Sam, thus, Josie is empowered to revoke the said offer any time before any acceptance is made. Now, Josie, later does not intent to sell the a painting to Sam so she revoke the offer by leavening a message at the answering machine of Sam. The message was duly left and which can be accessible to Sam during normal working hours of Sam. Thus, the contract is revoked by Josie on 29th February. Later, Sam posted the letter of acceptance. but the letter of acceptances is of no relevance because before the acceptance can be made, the offer was already revoked by Josie though leaving message on the answering machine, Thus, there can be no acceptance against a revoked offer. So, there cannot be any contract that can be established amid Sam and Josie, Issue II. If an assumption is made that there is valid contract that is established between Josie and Sam, then, Josie is in breach of the contract that is made with Sam because he sold the painting to Wendy on 20th February at $ 900. So, by selling the pointing Josie has breached the contract that he has established with Sam. Now, painting is the core of the contract that is made between Josie and Sam. Since the painting is sold so the core of the contract is devastated. So, a condition of the contract is breached. Thus, as per law, Sam can sue Josie for breach of condition and thus can cancel the contract. Sam can also sue Josie for damages. If a contract does established amid Sam and Josie, then, Josie I sin breach of the contract when she sold the painting to Wendy and thus Sam can sue for damages and can cancel the contract. The rule in Pinnels case expresses the requirement for consideration in simple contracts. Generally, the rule works sensibly and fairly, but there are some situations when it does not. The statement is now analyzed. The five basic ingredients which are required to make a valid contract are offer, acceptance, consideration, legal intention and capacity of the parties.[13] To make any contract enforceable in law, the basic ingredient that is required is consideration. Consideration is something of value which moves from the promisor to the promisee in exchange of the acts that are undertaken by a promisee on behalf of the promisor[14]. In the leading case of Currie v. Misa[15], it was held that a consideration can be some interest, right, profit which is accrued by one party and there is some detriment or forbearance which is born by another party. A contract is considered to be enforceable and the importance of the element is rightly analyzed in the leading case of Thomas v. Thomas[16].[17] If the party to the contract is doing something which is pre existing then it cannot be considered to be a good consideration in law. If one party to the contract wants the other party to perform something extra then there must be something extra that must be provided to support such extra work. If one party is performing something which he is already bound to perform then he cannot compel the other party to pay something extra for the same. In the leading case of Stilk v Myrick[18], a dispute arises amid the captain of the ship and its crew members. A contract was made amid the two wherein the captain is paying the crew so that the crew ca held the captain in the journey of the ship. But at the time of journey two of the crew members backed out and in order to persuade the other members, the captain agreed that he will pay the compensation of these two crew members to the rest of the crew. However, the court held that the other crew members cannot force the captain to pay the extra payment because what the remaining crew members were doing is something which is already obligated to do within the contract. There is nothing extra that is undertaken by the crew members for which they must get something extra from the captain. Whereas in another leading case of Hartley v. Ponsonby the suit of the crew members was upheld as they has performed duties which were beyond their contractual obligations. also, in Williams v Roffey Bros Nicholls (Contractors) Ltd[19], it was held that every promise must be supported by some form of consideration and the actions must not be pre existing duties of the parties to the contract.[20] The principle laid down above is also applied in situations where in a debtor is paying money to the creditor in full settlement of his claim. In Pinnels Case[21], the court held that payment by the debtor in full settlement of his claim is not a good consideration is not enforceable. In the leading case Cole was obligated to pay some amount of money due to Pennel on 11th November 1600. But, on the request of Pennel, Cole pay a less amount of money on 1st October and consider the same as full settlement of money due to Pennel. But, court held that the acts of Cole are pre existing duties under the contract and thus nothing extra is done by Cole and which is supported by consideration. Thus the act of Cole is not enforceable and Pennel can sue for the rest of the amount. The principle was retreated in Foakes v. Beer[22]. So, when the contract are simple in nature then the rule laid down in Pinnels case is filly applicable. The rule establishes that of any changes are made to the contract terms then they must be supported by some gain or benefit. If the parties are obligated to perform their pre existing duties then no extra consideration can be sought for the same. But, the leading rule is very harsh especially for those debtors who are paying in good faith and thus bring undue advantage to the creditor who are again feeling free to bring legal action against the debtor. Thus, in order to curb this menace, there are few exception that are established: When the debtor pay to the creditor an amount which is considered as the full settlement of the claim of the debtor but the payment must be made before the due date. When the payment is made before the due date then it is a valid consideration and the actions are enforceable; When the parties establishes a contract, then, both the parties mutually agree and incorporate a term to the contract that part payment of debt can be considered as valid consideration amid the parties; If the debtor is paying something apart from money, that is, cannery, horse, etc, which is against the full and final payment of creditor then such consideration is valid in law and is held in Couldery v Bartrum[23]. If the debtor is paying his debts not at a place which is pre decided by the parties but at some other place then it is a valid consideration; When there is establishment of composite agreement by the parties which is established under the Bankruptcy Act 1966, then the part payment of dent by the debtor for full settlement of the claim is valid in law; When the action of the debtor, that is, part payment made by the debtor at the request of the creditor, then later the credit is barred from backing out his words and if the creditor has accepted the money in full settlement of the claim then the rule of promissory estoppel will apply and the payment made by debtor is held to be in settlement of the full claim; When the payment is made by the debtor to the creditor in the denomination other then what is pre decided by the parties then such payment is held to be made in full settlement of the claim of the creditor; When the dent of the debtor is not paid by him but the same is paid by third party to the creditor then such payment is held to be valid in law and is rightly established in Welby v. Drake[24]. So, these exceptions do not apply the principle that is laid down in Pinnel case. These exceptions remove the hardship that is caused through the Pinnel case. Thus, the application of Pinnel case is only to the extent till the time the contracts are of simple nature. But, in other situation, the problems that are faced by Pinnel case is removed by the application of exceptions that are established. Conclusion There is no contract that is made between Sam and Josie because Josie has revoked the offer by leaving a message on the answering machine of Sam before the letter of acceptance is made by Sam. Bibliography Books/Article/Journals Eliza, MIK, The Effectiveness of Acceptances Communicated by Electronic Means, Or Does the Postal Acceptance Rule Apply to Email (Journal of Contract Law, 2009). Gillies, Peter, Business Law (Federation Press, 2004). Poole, Jill , Textbook on Contract Law (Oxford University Press,21-Apr-2016). Case laws Bettini v Gye(1876) QBD 183 Brinkibon v Stahag und Stahlwarenhandelsgesellschaft mbH [1983] 2 AC 34 at 42. Crown v Clarke (1927) 40 CLR 227. Couldery v Bartrum(1880) 19 Ch. D. 394 Coulls v Bagots Executor Trustee Co Ltd (1967) 119 CLR 460. Currie v Misa(1875) LR 10 Ex 153. Empirnall Holdings Pty Ltd v Machon Paull Partners Pty Ltd (1988) 14 NSWLR 527. Fisher v Bell[1961] 1 QB 394. Foakes v. Beer (1884). Hyde v Wrench (1840) Beav 334. Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain v Boots [1953] 1 QB 401. Poussard v Spiersand Pond (1876) 1 QBD 410. Pinnels Case (1602). Roscorla v. Thomas (1842) 3 QB 234. Smith v Hughes [1871] LR 6 QB 59. Stilk v Myrick (1809) 170 ER 1168 Thomas v Thomas(1842), 2 QB 851. Williams v Roffey Bros Nicholls (Contractors) Ltd [1989] EWCA Civ 5. Welby v.Drake(1825) Online Material Alex Kuklik, The Law of contract(2017)https://sydney.edu.au/lec/subjects/contracts/Summer%202016-17/LPAB%20-%20Contract%20-%20Summer%202016%20-%20Lecture%203.pdf.

Permit to Work Systems free essay sample

A permit-to-work system is a formal written system used to control certain types of work that are potentially hazardous. A permit-to-work is a document which specifies the work to be done and the precautions to be taken. Permits-to-work form an essential part of safe systems of work for many maintenance activities. They allow work to start only after safe procedures have been defined and they provide a clear record that all foreseeable hazards have been considered. A permit is needed when maintenance work can only be carried out if normal safeguards are dropped or when new hazards are introduced by the work. Examples are, entry into vessels, hot work and pipeline breaking. WHAT IS THE PROBLEM? An HSE survey showed that a third of all accidents in the chemical industry were maintenance-related, the largest single cause being a lack of, or deficiency in, permit-to-work systems. In a study of small and medium-sized chemical factories: I two-thirds of companies were not checking systems adequately; I two-thirds of permits did not adequately identify potential hazards; I nearly half dealt poorly with isolation of plant, electrical equipment, etc; I a third of permits were unclear on what personal protective clothing was needed; I a quarter of permits did not deal adequately with formal hand-back of plant once maintenance work had finished; I in many cases little thought had been given to permit form design. We will write a custom essay sample on Permit to Work Systems or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page While aimed primarily at the chemical industry the guidance provided may have application in other industries. 2 WHAT DO I NEED TO DO? Don’t assume that your system is a good one just because you have not yet had a serious accident. You should critically review your system and ask yourself the following questions. Information I Is the permit-to-work system fully documented, laying down: how the system works; the jobs it is to be used for; the responsibilities and training of those involved; and how to check its operation? I Is there clear identification of who may authorise particular jobs (and any limits to their authority)? I Is there clear identification of who is responsible for specifying the necessary precautions (eg isolation, emergency arrangements, etc)? I Is the permit form clearly laid out? I Does it avoid statements or questions which could be ambiguous or misleading? I Is it designed to allow for use in unusual circumstances? I Does it cover contractors? 3 Selection and training I Are those who issue permits sufficiently knowledgeable concerning the hazards and precautions associated with the plant and proposed work? Do they have the imagination and experience to ask enough ‘what if’ questions to enable them to identify all potential hazards? I Do staff and contractors fully understand the importance of the permit-to-work system and are they trained in its use? Description of the work I Does the permit clearly identify the work to be done and the associated hazards? I Can plans and diagrams be used to assist in the description of the work to be done, its location and limitations? I Is the plant adequately identified, eg by discrete number or tag to assist issuers and users in correctly taking out and following permits? I Is a detailed work method statement given for more complicated tasks? Hazards and precautions I Does the system require the removal of hazards and, where this is not reasonably practicable, effective control? Are the requirements of The Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations 1999 (COSHH) and other relevant legislation known and followed by those who issue the permits? I Does the permit state the precautions that have been taken and those that are needed while work is in progress? For instance, are isolations specified and is it clear what personal protective equipment should be used? I Do the precautions cover residual hazards and those that might be introduced by the work, eg welding fume and vapour from cleaning solvents? 4 I Do the Confined Spaces Regulations 1997 apply? If so, has a full risk assessment identified the significant risks and identified alternative methods of working or necessary precautions? Procedures I Does the permit contain clear rules about how the job should be controlled or abandoned in the case of an emergency? I Does the permit have a hand-back procedure incorporating statements that the maintenance work has finished and that the plant has been returned to production staff in

buy custom Public Smoking essay

buy custom Public Smoking essay Public smoking exposes non-smokers to cigarette smoke. It occurs involuntarily and is known as a secondhand smoke (Romp, 2011). Secondhand smoke has various health hazards to people who do not use tobacco (Christensen, 2003). In some circumstances, its effects are similar to those experienced in smokers. Secondhand smoke in enclosed places has almost same effects as smoking. It results in involuntary smoking and thus causing detrimental health effects. Tobacco affects people in varying ways. This occurs because human bodies react to foreign substances differently due to the differences in the genes (Oaks, 2001). Either way, effects of secondary smoke should be avoided since it occurs involuntarily (Kabat, 2008). Many of the non-smokers do so voluntarily. They do so due to various reasons most of which are health related. Bans on public smoking thus should be implemented to protect innocent people from smoke related health dangers (Romp, 2011). Various health complications, which may even lead to death, are caused by secondhand smoke. Effects in infants Severe health effects occur in infants because of secondhand smoke. This is attributed mainly to their tender bodies, which cannot withstand the smoke (Oaks, 2001). These effects are so serious that they even lead to the death in some cases. A myriad of complications occur in infants because of public smoking (Kabat, 2008). Apart from causing death, effects of the secondhand smoke cause various detrimental consequences (Christensen, 2003). Some of these effects affect the individual even in adulthood. Secondhand smoke increases risk of asthma in infants. The smoke affects the respiratory system and thus causing asthmatic reactions (Romp, 2011). Asthmatic children, who are exposed to smoke, experience more serious asthmatic conditions. This occurs because of the chemicals in the smoke, which interfere with respiration (Romp, 2011). Serious asthmatic attacks can lead to death in infants. Secondhand smoke triggers such attacks and thus may lead to death of infants. Infants in families where smoking occurs get such attacks more often than in families of non-smokers. It also results in sudden infant death syndrome (Oaks, 2001). The smoke causes coplications in the lungs resulting in death. This is very common in the US and other countries where smoking is widely practiced. The syndrome may also occur due to a combination of complications in the system of the infant (Romp, 2011). The chemical in the smoke triggers these complications. Secondhand smoke causes over four hundred deaths of infants in the US per year (Kabat, 2008). This unwanted loss of innocent lives calls for action against the secondhand smoke. This can be reduced by banning public smoking hence such bans are welcome. The smoke exposes these young ones to the lung infections (Romp, 2011). These result in diseases such as bronchitis. These diseases cause serious health conditions, which are even fatal to infants. The infections increase the risks of contracting tuberculosis in infants (Christensen, 2003). Various infections thus occur because of the lung infections. Even not taken care of, these infants may end up dying. It also causes impairment in the breathing system. This occurs mainly because the smoke has the effect of slowing the growth of the lungs (Kabat, 2008). The smoke has other various effects in infants. It is known to cause allergies in infants. They occur due to the reaction against chemicals such as nicotine present in the smoke (Romp, 2011). It also affects the nervous system of the young (Kabat, 2008). This causes nervous disorders, which are carried on even to the adulthood. These may cause difficulties in learning and coordination as well. Its effects are also known to cause the middle ear infections. This is related to the effects caused by the smoke to the lungs. Such serious health issues cannot be overlooked. This calls for bans on public smoking since it will help to reduce such cases. Smoke is a major cause of the cancer today. It is mainly associated with lung cancer (Oaks, 2001). It also causes the breast cancer and more so on women who have not yet reached the menopause (Kabat, 2008). Secondhand smoke is a significant contributor of cancer cases. Passive smoking damages lungs of non-smokers leading to complications, which result in cancer. This is attributed to chemicals present in the smoke, more so nicotine (Christensen, 2003). It damages the lung tissues resulting in cancerous cells. Passive smoking is also known to be a major cause of brain tumoors in non-smokers. Cancer is difficult to cure particularly in its later stages. Today cancer is one of the major killers and most deaths are smoke related. This calls for ban of public smoking to protect those who do not use the product (Oaks, 2001). Secondhand smoke results in coronary diseases in non-smokers. This occurs mainly to those exposed to the smoke in enclosed places. Smoke is known to cause obesity and thus resulting in the heart complications (Kabat, 2008). This smoke also increases the risk of stroke upon exposure. Stroke causes deaths and thus involuntary smoke may result in deaths. The smoke also increases the heart rate in people particularly in those with heart problems (Kabat, 2008). This increases the risk of heart attack and deaths of people exposed to the secondhand smoke. Passive smoking causes premature birth (Oaks, 2001). This occurs when a mother is exposed to the smoke while pregnant. Premature births may be a reason of the death of newborns. Passive smoking of pregnant mothers also leads to the birth of underweight babies. It also affects the spine of the fetus during its development. This results in back pains of the victims during their adulthood (Oaks, 2001). Tobacco business is known to create huge revenues to governments. However, the gains are eroded by the health implications of smoking. Cancers and other diseases caused by smoking are difficult to treat (Christensen, 2003). They require expensive equipments thus call for significant investments. A big fraction of health budgets in many countries are devoted to treatment of these diseases. To reduce these economic effects, ban on public smoking is needed. This will reduce the number of such diseases hence saving the governments money (Kabat, 2008). Passive smoking has various health effects to non-smokers. They are similar to those experienced by smokers. This results in people involuntarily suffering from smoke related diseases. These diseases have negative impacts to human health (Kabat, 2008). They lead to millions deaths annually in various countries. They also account for large amounts of medical expenditure. I therefore agree that smoking in public places should be banned because of the health risks for non-smokers. Buy custom Public Smoking essay

A Law Unto Themselves

A Law Unto Themselves A Law Unto Themselves A Law Unto Themselves By Maeve Maddox I heard someone on the radio refer to a particular group of people as being â€Å"a law into themselves.† The only version of this idiom that I’m familiar with is â€Å"a law unto themselves.† The expression derives from Romans 2:14. Numerous English translations of the Bible render the phrase as â€Å"a law unto themselves,† but some use a different preposition, like to or for. Here are three translations: For when the Gentiles, which have not the law, do by nature the things contained in the law, these, having not the law, are a law unto themselves.- King James Version (KJV) Indeed, when Gentiles, who do not have the law, do by nature things required by the law,  they are a law for themselves, even though they do not have the law.- New International Version (NIV). For when Gentiles, who do not have the law,  by nature do what the law requires, they are a law to themselves, even though they do not have the law.- English Standard Version (ESV) The passage refers to Gentiles who, although they lacked the law that had been given to the Jews, had their own laws that taught them how to live righteously. The preposition unto is a fossil. It once had several meanings, including some of the modern meanings of into, but, by the 18th century, its use had become obsolete in standard speech- except for the idiom â€Å"to be a law unto oneself.† Note: The word unto, meaning to, is sometimes heard in an elevated religious context, as in We cry unto the Lord. The modern use of â€Å"a law unto themselves† differs in meaning from the way it is used in the Bible passage. In the biblical context, the Gentiles are perceived as obeying a different law, but presumably their law applies to all of them. In modern usage, â€Å"to be a law unto oneself† suggests that the person or people so described ignore laws that apply to everyone else, doing as they please, as if they were above the law. Here are some examples from the Web: The NYPD may enforce the law, but they’re also a law unto themselves.- The Guardian. They [the khap panchaya] believe theyre supreme, a law unto themselves.- The Times of India.   The Soviet Politburo was a law unto itself.- The Washington Post The CIA: A Law Unto Itself- The Nation Nicole Kidman Law Unto Herself- New York Magazine Here are some non-idiomatic uses that use the preposition into instead of unto: French waiters are a law into themselves- TripAdvisor Hobby Lobby threatens to make religious believers a law into themselves.- UCLA law professor. Its a real policy dilemma because people begin to believe they can be the [sic] law into themselves.- Another law professor. Note: The quotations from the law professors appeared in newspaper articles; the fault of substituting into for unto may lie with the reporters or their editors. If a speaker does not wish to use archaic unto, the idiomatic choice of preposition is plain to: French waiters are a law to themselves. Hobby Lobby threatens to make religious believers a law to themselves Its a real policy dilemma because people begin to believe they can be a law to themselves Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Expressions category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:The Royal Order of Adjectives 40 Synonyms for â€Å"Lie†50 Words with Alternative Spellings

How computers changes our lives Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

How computers changes our lives - Lab Report Example Computer is a machine, which can be used to store data as well as to receive data. Computer is used as a tool in the society along with the Internet. Computers in the modern world have become a very complex because of a lot of component frame within a single computer and these components functions different functions for different purposes In addition to above, this is a research report consisted of some questions and the response analysis. This research report reveals the way computer is playing an important role to change one’s life. These questions will be regarding the role of computer in changing one’s life. To evaluate or to investigate how far the role of computer in the lives of individuals is deep rooted and what roles it is playing in facilitating the individuals to spend a smooth or comfortable life is the aim of this paper. In this paper, I will be using quantitative method to collect data from different persons and will be using a questionnaire consisted of eight questions. The questionnaire is based on a Likert scale that has the options, strongly agree, agree, agree to some extent, strongly disagree, disagree and disagree to some extent. The sample size is constituted of fifteen respondents. Random sampling was used to select individuals for the survey from the list of contacts that the researcher had on the social media. Using the Microsoft Excel will do the graphical representations. The majority of responses from the survey indicate that it will become evident that there seems to be a strong role of computer in individuals’ lives, especially, to the educated individual’s life. The use of computer in everyday life is increasing day by day from offices to universities (Hilber and LÃ ³pez). Without computer it is not possible for a person to access Internet, the largest and the easiest reservoir of information, entertainment and knowledge. 66% of responses indicate