The Decline Of The Church - 1446 Words

Europe in the sixteenth century was dominated socially, politically and economically by the Catholic Church. As the church gained more power and wealth they began to stray from the book and its clergy became corrupt. The church began taking advantage of their follower’s faith for monetary gain. Some individuals were outraged and called for the church to reform. The most vocal person on this issue was Martin Luther. He attempted to convince the church to reorganize. When they did not, he began the Protestant Reformation. The conflict that occurred between the religions took a toll on the public who were already destitute due to economic recessions and population decline. As society tried to make sense of all the turmoil, they shifted the responsibility of it from the church onto the devil. The rise in the active hunting and persecution of witches was in direct response to the social, economical, and political turmoil during the Protestant Reformation. Leaders and clergy of the church were straying from the book. They began to focus their attention on more political and militant concerns. They were not meeting the religious needs of the people. The public was searching for salvation and religious meaning. The church attempted to accommodate the public’s need and their own need to raise funds. The church started using relics, which were bones, clothing and other material objects that belonged or related to the Saints. Along with these relics the church soldShow MoreRelatedDecline And Decline Of The Early Church Attendance2524 Words   |  11 PagesThe problem under examination is the decline in church attendance in America, and the impact of that decline on our society. The purpose of the research was to ascertain the factors that contribute to the decline in church attendance. The research methodology that was used was the qualitative method. 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The dissolution of monasteries by King Henry VIII changed the landscape of the economy and created social instabilityRead MoreThe Loss Of Faith And The Decline Of Church Attendance1797 Words   |  8 PagesSecularization the loss of faith and the decline in church attendance is something that has left historians asking why this occurred and at what point in history did the people of Great Britain lose their faith, add in the sexual revolution of the swinging sixties the development of the oral contraception pill and immigration to Great Britain, which brought together people from other colonies and with them they brought their religion, the connection between any of these factors if there is one hasRead MoreThe Decline of the Medieval Church at the End of the Middle Ages678 Words   |  3 PagesChurch’s social and political power dwindled. 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Over the last four years, three immoral staff members of First Baptist Church of Pontotoc have been contributing factors to the church s decline. The majority of the staff at First Baptist Church Pontotoc has served faithfully for a number of years. The pastor, Ken Hester, has served in his role for over fourteenRead MoreAre Religious Beliefs and Practices Changing to Reflect a New Era of Diversity and Choice?1734 Words   |  7 Pagesexplains this by giving the example of that people no longer go to church because they feel they have to or because it is respectable to do so. She says that although churchgoing has declined it is simply because attendance is now a matter of personal choice rather than the obligation it use to be. As a result there is believing without belonging, where by people hold religious beliefs but don’t go to church. Therefore the decline of traditional religion is matched by the growth of the new form ofRead MoreThe Late Middle Ages : The Age Of Discovery And Innovation1224 Words   |  5 Pagesperiods of decline and periods of transition into the Renaissance. Therefore, if only viewed through some aspects, the overall quality of the Late Middle Ages can be interpreted in vastly different ways. When all events are taken into account, it is evident that even though there were periods of extreme decline and cultural deficiency, numerous events helped transition Europe into an age of discovery and innovation. The Late Middle Ages are sometimes considered â€Å"the Dark Ages† due to the decline in literaryRead MoreThe Rise Of Mass Attendance1611 Words   |  7 Pagesthe concept of pluralism. Even though the Catholic Church provides a welcoming feeling to all new and existing members, the decline of mass attendance will further result in a decrease of catholic followers. Secularism and pluralism are major factors in the change of attendance, which will be further discussed. Margaret and Leo Laarhoven are members from Our Lady of Sorrows Catholic Church in Kyogle, NSW. Their commitment towards the Catholic Church is unquestionable, as they attend mass at least three

The Use of Light in Bill Henson and Caravaggios Work Essay

Through the use of light, artists continue to receive a strong emotional response from the audience. This is an essential element of an audience’s perception of a work – it may determine whether the artwork is perceived as happy or depressing, or even provides the difference between whether the work is friendly and welcoming, or shocking and confronting. Artists have used light for a long time to stimulate the emotions of the viewer. Two artists that have used this technique are Bill Henson and Michelangelo Merisi da Caravaggio, or more simply known as just Caravaggio. Bill Henson is a contemporary Australian photographer, born in 1955, while Caravaggio was an Italian painter (1571 – 1610). When Henson’s photographs are viewed through the†¦show more content†¦This is why his art was so successful in reaching his audience and connecting him with the art world. This is a similar concept in Henson’s work. Most of his subjects are human figures, assisting him in the representation of his ideas in a confronting, direct, and sometimes controversial way. The way that Henson achieves the same effect of chiaroscuro in his photographs as Caravaggio does in his paintings, is through his underexposure and adjustment in printing. Henson’s work is powerful, creating an illusion of both a painting and a film through a combination of different techniques that make his work unique. The most prominent feature and device of Henson’s work is his use of light. The majority of his work features dark tones and colours, sometimes slightly tinted with yellow, red or blue. The brighter portions of Henson’s photographs and his use of light is tactically well controlled to uncover only crucial details. In some of his photographs, Henson juxtaposes the colourful yet mysterious, distant city lights through the use of bokkeh, with the underexposed, graphic images of the subject in the foreground. Some examples of this in his work include several images from the Untitled 2000/01 series, such as the girl sitting, the girl that is lying down, yet at the same time positioned so to look as if she is in flight, and another image of a girl lying on her stomach,

Business Law Between Sam and Josie †Free Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the Contract Between Sam and Josie. Answer: The Issues Is a contract established between Sam and Josie? If a contract exists between Sam and Josie, then, whether Josie has violated the contract with Sam. What are the remedies can Sam availed against Josie? The Relevant Law The five basic ingredients which are required to make a valid contract are offer, acceptance, consideration, legal intention and capacity of the parties. An offer is made by the offeror which is communicated to an offeree. An offer is the expression of the wish of the offeror which he desire to be performed by an offeree and is held in Smith v Hughes[1]. An offer can be by words or conduct but should come in the knowledge of the offeree to make it binding in nature. When the offer is received by the offeree and when the same offer is accepted by the offeree without bringing any variation to the terms of the offer then it is an acceptance and is held in Crown v Clarke[2]. An acceptance can be made through words or gestures but must receive within the knowledge of the offer to make it binding in nature and is held in Empirnall Holdings Pty Ltd v Machon Paull Partners Pty Ltd[3]. When the acceptance is made through post then it is deem to be complete when put in transit. But, in other forms of communication, that is, telephone, email, it must receive within the knowledge of the offeror to make it binding, in cases of answering machine, if the message is left on the machine which can be accessed by the offeror then it is complete when the message comes in the message box of the machine within the normal working hours of the offeror[4]. When the acceptance is not communicated but changes are made to the terms of the offer, then, it is counter offer which has the capacity to cancel the offer and is held in Hyde v Wrench[5]. The counter offer is the new offer and which must be accepted without any changes to make a valid agreement in law. Once an offer is validly made then the offeror if intends to cancel the same then it must be reached within the knowledge of the offeree before the acceptance is made. If revocation is made through answering machine, then, the revocation is communicated when the same is dropped at the message box of the machine and is accessible by the offeree within the normal working hours and is held in and is held in Brinkibon v Stahag und Stahlwarenhandelsgesellschaft mbH[6].[7] When an offer is made with a particular time to accept the same then the offeror can revoke such offer any time provided there is no consideration which is attach to the same. Now, an invitation to receive offer is an invitation to treat where a person desires to receive offers from the offeror. He advertises his intention or auction or tender or display the goods which depict the intention of the inviter to receive offers. The offeror then makes an offer to the inviter who then accepts the offer so made to him resulting in formation of an agreement and is held in Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain v Boots[8]. An offer and acceptance together results in the formation of an agreement. When an agreement is also supported with consideration, capacity of the parties and the legal intention of the parties, then, a contract is established in nature and is held in Coulls v Bagots Executor Trustee Co Ltd[9]. When a contract is made then the parties must comply its terms. The terms of the contract can be condition or warranties. Condition is the core terms of the contract without which a contract cannot be [performed. If such terms are violated then the plaintiff can cancel the contract and sue for damages and is held in Poussard v Spiersand Pond [10] Warranties are secondary to conditions and die snot hamper the main core area of the contract. If warranties are violated then only damages can be asked for and the contract cannot be violated and is held in Bettini v Gye[11]. The Law Applied to the facts Issue I A painting is made by Josie and she intend to sell the same at a cost of $ 900. In order to do so she displayed the same at her house studio. Considering thelaw applied in Fisher v Bell[12], any article or good which is displayed comes within the category of invitation to treat and any visitor who wishes to purchase such article has an obligation to offer a price to the displayer of the good. Applying thelaw to the facts of the case, Josie is the displayer of her painting and is an offeree//inviter. Sam is the interested party and he must make an offer to Josie. Now, as per the facts, Sam on 19th February (Sunday) makes an offer to buy the painting at $ 700. Since the invitation is of $ 900 but the same is not within the range of Sam so an offer is made by Sam at a lower price of $ 700. So, a valid offer is made by Sam to Josie which is of $700. The offer of Sam is not approved by Josie. A counter offer is made by Josie and she submits that she can accept a price which is not less than $ 800. This offer is communicated by Josie to Sam through a written document wherein she submits that an offer is made at $ 800 and which must be accepted by Sam by 21st February (Tuesday). Howler, since this offer is not supported by any consideration on the part of Sam, thus, Josie is empowered to revoke the said offer any time before any acceptance is made. Now, Josie, later does not intent to sell the a painting to Sam so she revoke the offer by leavening a message at the answering machine of Sam. The message was duly left and which can be accessible to Sam during normal working hours of Sam. Thus, the contract is revoked by Josie on 29th February. Later, Sam posted the letter of acceptance. but the letter of acceptances is of no relevance because before the acceptance can be made, the offer was already revoked by Josie though leaving message on the answering machine, Thus, there can be no acceptance against a revoked offer. So, there cannot be any contract that can be established amid Sam and Josie, Issue II. If an assumption is made that there is valid contract that is established between Josie and Sam, then, Josie is in breach of the contract that is made with Sam because he sold the painting to Wendy on 20th February at $ 900. So, by selling the pointing Josie has breached the contract that he has established with Sam. Now, painting is the core of the contract that is made between Josie and Sam. Since the painting is sold so the core of the contract is devastated. So, a condition of the contract is breached. Thus, as per law, Sam can sue Josie for breach of condition and thus can cancel the contract. Sam can also sue Josie for damages. If a contract does established amid Sam and Josie, then, Josie I sin breach of the contract when she sold the painting to Wendy and thus Sam can sue for damages and can cancel the contract. The rule in Pinnels case expresses the requirement for consideration in simple contracts. Generally, the rule works sensibly and fairly, but there are some situations when it does not. The statement is now analyzed. The five basic ingredients which are required to make a valid contract are offer, acceptance, consideration, legal intention and capacity of the parties.[13] To make any contract enforceable in law, the basic ingredient that is required is consideration. Consideration is something of value which moves from the promisor to the promisee in exchange of the acts that are undertaken by a promisee on behalf of the promisor[14]. In the leading case of Currie v. Misa[15], it was held that a consideration can be some interest, right, profit which is accrued by one party and there is some detriment or forbearance which is born by another party. A contract is considered to be enforceable and the importance of the element is rightly analyzed in the leading case of Thomas v. Thomas[16].[17] If the party to the contract is doing something which is pre existing then it cannot be considered to be a good consideration in law. If one party to the contract wants the other party to perform something extra then there must be something extra that must be provided to support such extra work. If one party is performing something which he is already bound to perform then he cannot compel the other party to pay something extra for the same. In the leading case of Stilk v Myrick[18], a dispute arises amid the captain of the ship and its crew members. A contract was made amid the two wherein the captain is paying the crew so that the crew ca held the captain in the journey of the ship. But at the time of journey two of the crew members backed out and in order to persuade the other members, the captain agreed that he will pay the compensation of these two crew members to the rest of the crew. However, the court held that the other crew members cannot force the captain to pay the extra payment because what the remaining crew members were doing is something which is already obligated to do within the contract. There is nothing extra that is undertaken by the crew members for which they must get something extra from the captain. Whereas in another leading case of Hartley v. Ponsonby the suit of the crew members was upheld as they has performed duties which were beyond their contractual obligations. also, in Williams v Roffey Bros Nicholls (Contractors) Ltd[19], it was held that every promise must be supported by some form of consideration and the actions must not be pre existing duties of the parties to the contract.[20] The principle laid down above is also applied in situations where in a debtor is paying money to the creditor in full settlement of his claim. In Pinnels Case[21], the court held that payment by the debtor in full settlement of his claim is not a good consideration is not enforceable. In the leading case Cole was obligated to pay some amount of money due to Pennel on 11th November 1600. But, on the request of Pennel, Cole pay a less amount of money on 1st October and consider the same as full settlement of money due to Pennel. But, court held that the acts of Cole are pre existing duties under the contract and thus nothing extra is done by Cole and which is supported by consideration. Thus the act of Cole is not enforceable and Pennel can sue for the rest of the amount. The principle was retreated in Foakes v. Beer[22]. So, when the contract are simple in nature then the rule laid down in Pinnels case is filly applicable. The rule establishes that of any changes are made to the contract terms then they must be supported by some gain or benefit. If the parties are obligated to perform their pre existing duties then no extra consideration can be sought for the same. But, the leading rule is very harsh especially for those debtors who are paying in good faith and thus bring undue advantage to the creditor who are again feeling free to bring legal action against the debtor. Thus, in order to curb this menace, there are few exception that are established: When the debtor pay to the creditor an amount which is considered as the full settlement of the claim of the debtor but the payment must be made before the due date. When the payment is made before the due date then it is a valid consideration and the actions are enforceable; When the parties establishes a contract, then, both the parties mutually agree and incorporate a term to the contract that part payment of debt can be considered as valid consideration amid the parties; If the debtor is paying something apart from money, that is, cannery, horse, etc, which is against the full and final payment of creditor then such consideration is valid in law and is held in Couldery v Bartrum[23]. If the debtor is paying his debts not at a place which is pre decided by the parties but at some other place then it is a valid consideration; When there is establishment of composite agreement by the parties which is established under the Bankruptcy Act 1966, then the part payment of dent by the debtor for full settlement of the claim is valid in law; When the action of the debtor, that is, part payment made by the debtor at the request of the creditor, then later the credit is barred from backing out his words and if the creditor has accepted the money in full settlement of the claim then the rule of promissory estoppel will apply and the payment made by debtor is held to be in settlement of the full claim; When the payment is made by the debtor to the creditor in the denomination other then what is pre decided by the parties then such payment is held to be made in full settlement of the claim of the creditor; When the dent of the debtor is not paid by him but the same is paid by third party to the creditor then such payment is held to be valid in law and is rightly established in Welby v. Drake[24]. So, these exceptions do not apply the principle that is laid down in Pinnel case. These exceptions remove the hardship that is caused through the Pinnel case. Thus, the application of Pinnel case is only to the extent till the time the contracts are of simple nature. But, in other situation, the problems that are faced by Pinnel case is removed by the application of exceptions that are established. Conclusion There is no contract that is made between Sam and Josie because Josie has revoked the offer by leaving a message on the answering machine of Sam before the letter of acceptance is made by Sam. Bibliography Books/Article/Journals Eliza, MIK, The Effectiveness of Acceptances Communicated by Electronic Means, Or Does the Postal Acceptance Rule Apply to Email (Journal of Contract Law, 2009). Gillies, Peter, Business Law (Federation Press, 2004). Poole, Jill , Textbook on Contract Law (Oxford University Press,21-Apr-2016). Case laws Bettini v Gye(1876) QBD 183 Brinkibon v Stahag und Stahlwarenhandelsgesellschaft mbH [1983] 2 AC 34 at 42. Crown v Clarke (1927) 40 CLR 227. Couldery v Bartrum(1880) 19 Ch. D. 394 Coulls v Bagots Executor Trustee Co Ltd (1967) 119 CLR 460. Currie v Misa(1875) LR 10 Ex 153. Empirnall Holdings Pty Ltd v Machon Paull Partners Pty Ltd (1988) 14 NSWLR 527. Fisher v Bell[1961] 1 QB 394. Foakes v. Beer (1884). Hyde v Wrench (1840) Beav 334. Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain v Boots [1953] 1 QB 401. Poussard v Spiersand Pond (1876) 1 QBD 410. Pinnels Case (1602). Roscorla v. Thomas (1842) 3 QB 234. Smith v Hughes [1871] LR 6 QB 59. Stilk v Myrick (1809) 170 ER 1168 Thomas v Thomas(1842), 2 QB 851. Williams v Roffey Bros Nicholls (Contractors) Ltd [1989] EWCA Civ 5. Welby v.Drake(1825) Online Material Alex Kuklik, The Law of contract(2017)https://sydney.edu.au/lec/subjects/contracts/Summer%202016-17/LPAB%20-%20Contract%20-%20Summer%202016%20-%20Lecture%203.pdf.

Permit to Work Systems free essay sample

A permit-to-work system is a formal written system used to control certain types of work that are potentially hazardous. A permit-to-work is a document which specifies the work to be done and the precautions to be taken. Permits-to-work form an essential part of safe systems of work for many maintenance activities. They allow work to start only after safe procedures have been defined and they provide a clear record that all foreseeable hazards have been considered. A permit is needed when maintenance work can only be carried out if normal safeguards are dropped or when new hazards are introduced by the work. Examples are, entry into vessels, hot work and pipeline breaking. WHAT IS THE PROBLEM? An HSE survey showed that a third of all accidents in the chemical industry were maintenance-related, the largest single cause being a lack of, or deficiency in, permit-to-work systems. In a study of small and medium-sized chemical factories: I two-thirds of companies were not checking systems adequately; I two-thirds of permits did not adequately identify potential hazards; I nearly half dealt poorly with isolation of plant, electrical equipment, etc; I a third of permits were unclear on what personal protective clothing was needed; I a quarter of permits did not deal adequately with formal hand-back of plant once maintenance work had finished; I in many cases little thought had been given to permit form design. We will write a custom essay sample on Permit to Work Systems or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page While aimed primarily at the chemical industry the guidance provided may have application in other industries. 2 WHAT DO I NEED TO DO? Don’t assume that your system is a good one just because you have not yet had a serious accident. You should critically review your system and ask yourself the following questions. Information I Is the permit-to-work system fully documented, laying down: how the system works; the jobs it is to be used for; the responsibilities and training of those involved; and how to check its operation? I Is there clear identification of who may authorise particular jobs (and any limits to their authority)? I Is there clear identification of who is responsible for specifying the necessary precautions (eg isolation, emergency arrangements, etc)? I Is the permit form clearly laid out? I Does it avoid statements or questions which could be ambiguous or misleading? I Is it designed to allow for use in unusual circumstances? I Does it cover contractors? 3 Selection and training I Are those who issue permits sufficiently knowledgeable concerning the hazards and precautions associated with the plant and proposed work? Do they have the imagination and experience to ask enough ‘what if’ questions to enable them to identify all potential hazards? I Do staff and contractors fully understand the importance of the permit-to-work system and are they trained in its use? Description of the work I Does the permit clearly identify the work to be done and the associated hazards? I Can plans and diagrams be used to assist in the description of the work to be done, its location and limitations? I Is the plant adequately identified, eg by discrete number or tag to assist issuers and users in correctly taking out and following permits? I Is a detailed work method statement given for more complicated tasks? Hazards and precautions I Does the system require the removal of hazards and, where this is not reasonably practicable, effective control? Are the requirements of The Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations 1999 (COSHH) and other relevant legislation known and followed by those who issue the permits? I Does the permit state the precautions that have been taken and those that are needed while work is in progress? For instance, are isolations specified and is it clear what personal protective equipment should be used? I Do the precautions cover residual hazards and those that might be introduced by the work, eg welding fume and vapour from cleaning solvents? 4 I Do the Confined Spaces Regulations 1997 apply? If so, has a full risk assessment identified the significant risks and identified alternative methods of working or necessary precautions? Procedures I Does the permit contain clear rules about how the job should be controlled or abandoned in the case of an emergency? I Does the permit have a hand-back procedure incorporating statements that the maintenance work has finished and that the plant has been returned to production staff in